Tamarack Christian Latin, Resources

22 apr 2026

Overview

This page tracks topics covered (i.e., Res consummatae or Things that have been completed) in Dr. Peters' various Latin classes and tutorials. Students a/o parents should consult this page for a summary of what they or their children have studied, and thus should know at present, in order to make progress on what is coming next.

Quick Links

St. Thomas Classical. 11th grade (II)

St. Thomas Classical. 8th grade.

Learners. Check your name at TCL main page, here.

Tutoring. Check your name at TCL main page, here.

[Name of school and course, or name of independent learner]

Main course page, here.

Progressus Latine / Progress in Latin

Hac in schola omnes sumus condiscipuli. / In this school we are all students.

Read these first: A primer for Latin students and their parents, here; and, Practice Latin every day, here.

The materials listed below are topics typically treated during a basic sequence of Latin studies (e.g., two years in college, or about three years in high school, or an equivalent period of independent study). This list should not intimidate beginners! Latin is a logical subject matter and it can be learned in a logical, step-by-step format. Moreover, the individual materials listed below are not of equal importance or difficulty. Some will be learned in a few minutes, others will require days or weeks to learn and sometimes months to master. Either way, just dive in.

Use this page to track the materials that you are expected to have learned, what you are studying at present, and what has not yet been presented, as follows:

Topics already presented and thus subject to examination.

Topics being presented and soon subject to examination.

Topics not yet presented.

Preliminary topics.

• First thoughts toward learning Latin, 1‒8, here.

• Kinds of Words (aka, Parts of Speech), 1‒3, here.

• Notes on sentences, 1‒3, here.

Orationes.

• Signum crucis, here.

• Pater noster, here.

• Ave Maria, here.

• Gloria Patri, here.

• Salve Regina, here.

• Benedic Domine, here.

• Agimus tibi, here.

• Requiem aeternam, here.

• Angelus, here.

Hymni.

• Tantum ergo, here.

• O Salutaris Hostia, here.

• Regina coeli, here.

Cantica.

• Non nobis, here.

• Gaudeamus igitur, (I) here.

• Gaudeamus igitur, (II) here.

• Nobilis albulus, here.

• Heri, here.

De his rebus numquam satis: Nouns, here.

• Declensions, here.

De his rebus numquam satis: Verbs, here.

• Reg. conjugations, indicative, here.

• Reg. conjugations, subjunctive, here.

• Esse, here.

indicative

subjunctive

• Posse, here.

indicative

subjunctive

De his rebus numquam satis: Pronouns, here.

• Personal, here.

ego

is, ea, id

• Relative, here; use, here.

qui

quae

quod

• Emphatic, hic, here.

hic

haec

hoc

• Emphatic, ille, here.

ille

illa

illud

• Unemphatic, iste, here.

iste

ista

istud

Selected grammar points.

See, e.g.

• Cases are crucial, here.

• Principal parts of verbs, here.

• Dative of the possessor.

Coll. 03

• I/II Adjectives.

Coll. 04

• Interrogative particle '-ne'

Coll. 06

• Passive voice.

Coll. 07

• Quia, quod, quoniam.

Coll. 08

• Infinitive as subject.

Coll. 09

• 'Causa' as improper preposition.

Coll. 09

• Relative pronoun.

Coll. 10

• Perfect passive participle.

Coll. 12

• Enclitic '-dam'.

Coll. 12

• Ablative absolute.

Coll. 13

• You can't get enough of 'satis'.

Coll. 15

• III Adjectives.

Coll. 16

• Present active participle.

Coll. 16

Vocabulary (in continual process).

Term

• Collins Units 01-08. Collins main, here.

• Collins Units 09-16. Collins main, here.

Amici discipulorum: Prepositions, here.

Collins

• a (ab, abs), ad, coram, cum, de, e (ex), in, pro, sine, super

• trans

• propter

• per, post

• inter, sub

• ante, secundum

• apud, ob

• =

• prae, praeter

• intra

Amici discipulorum: Conjunctions, here.

Collins

• et / et ... et / -que

• nam

• enim

• aut / aut ... aut

• sed

• autem

• antequam / atque (ac) / igitur / postquam

• =

• ergo, quamquam

• quapropter

Amici discipulorum: Adverbs, here.

Collins

• hodie, non

• hic, ibi

• ubi

• merito / numquam / nunc / quoque / semper

• adhuc, quare?

• bene /male / una

• etiam, iterum, jam, quando?, tunc

• certe, diligenter, saepe, statim, vere

• perenniter, postea, subito

• hinc

• nimis, tamen

• =

• ideo

Amici discipulorum: Interjections, here.

Collins

• Ecce!

Alia.

• Greetings.

• Roman numerals, 1‒100, here.

• Roman numerals, 101‒3,999, here.

• Roman numbers (recitation), I‒X, here.

• Unus, una, unum, here.

• Duo, duae, duo / Tres, tres, tria, here.

• Quattuor‒Viginti, here.

• Benedictus, here.

• Magnificat, here.

• Nunc dimittis, here.

Resources

Prayers.

Recordings are from various sources, including: VSI (Vetererum Sapientia Institute); PIL (Prayers in Latin); and LPP (Latin Prayer Podcast).

• (Signum crucis). In nómine Patris, et Fílii, et Spíritus Sancti. Amen. (VSI, here.)

• Ave Maria, grátia plena, Dóminus tecum. Benedicta tu in muliéribus, et benedictus fructus ventris tui, Jesus. Sancta Maria, Mater Dei, ora pro nobis peccatóribus, nunc et in hora mortis nostræ. Amen. (VSI, here.)

• Pater noster, qui es in cælis: sanctificetur nomen tuum; advéniat regnum tuum; fiat vóluntas tua, sicut in cælo, et in terra. Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hódie; et dímitte nobis débita nostra, sicut et nos dimíttimus debitóribus nostris; et ne nos inducas in tentationem; sed líbera nos a malo. (VSI, here.)

• Gloria Patri, et Fílio, et Spirítui Sancto; sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper, et in saecula saeculorum. Amen. (VSI, here.)

• Salve, Regina, mater misericordiæ: vita, dulcedo, et spes nostra, salve. Ad te clamamus exsules filii Hevæ. Ad te suspiramus, gementes et flentes in hac lacrimarum valle. Eia, ergo, advocata nostra, illos tuos misericordes oculos ad nos converte. Et Iesum, benedictum fructum ventris tui, nobis post hoc exsilium ostende. O clemens, O pia, O dulcis Virgo Maria. Amen. (VSI, here.) □ Ora pro nobis, sancta Dei Genetrix. Ut digni efficiamur promissionibus Christi.

• (First table grace). Benedic, Dómine, nos, et hæc tua dona, quæ de tua largitate sumus súmpturi. Per Christum Dóminum nostrum. Amen. (PIL, here.)

• (Second table grace). Agimus tibi gratias, omnipotens Deus, pro universis beneficiis tuis, qui vivis et regnas in saecula saeculorum. Fidelium animae, per misericordiam Dei, requiescant in pace. Amen. (PIL, hic.)

• Angelus Domini nuntiavit Mariæ. □ Et concepit de Spiritu Sancto. Ave Maria.

Ecce Ancilla Domini. □ Fiat mihi secundum Verbum tuum. Ave Maria.

Et Verbum caro factum est. □ Et habitavit in nobis. Ave Maria.

Ora pro nobis, Sancta Dei Genetrix. □ Ut digni efficiamur promissionibus Christi.

Oremus. Gratiam tuam quaesumus, Domine, mentibus nostris infunde; ut qui, angelo nuntiante, Christi Filii tui Incarnationem cognovimus, per passionem eius et crucem, ad resurrectionis gloriam perducamur. Per eundem Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen. (Cor fidelis, here.)

• Requiem aeternam dona eis (ei), Dómine, et lux perpétua lúceat eis (ei). Fidelium animae, per misericordiam Dei, requiescant in pace. Amen. (Recording, LPP, here.)

Resources

Top

Hymns.

• Regina coeli, lætare, alleluia; Quia quem meruisti portare, alleluia; Resurrexit sicut dixit, alleluia; Ora pro nobis Deum, alleluia! (John Shaw, here.)

• Tantum ergo Sacramentum, veneremur cernui: Et antiquum documentum, novo cedat ritui:
Præstet fides supplementum, sensuum defectui. // Genitori, Genitoque, laus et iubilatio, salus, honor, virtus quoque sit et benedictio: Procedenti ab utroque, compar sit laudatio. Amen. (Cor Iesu, here.)

• O salutaris Hostia, Quae caeli pandis ostium: Bella premunt hostilia, Da robur, fer auxilium. // Uni trinoque Domino sit sempiterna gloria, Qui vitam sine termino nobis donet in patria. Amen. (Tu es Petrus, here).

Resources

Top

Songs.

• Gaudeamus igitur, 13th century. (Recording, here.)

(I) Gaudeamus igitur, juvenes dum sumus. (bis)

Post iucundam iuventutem, post molestam senectutem,

nos habebit humus, nos habebit humus!

(II) Vivat academia, vivant professores! (bis)

Vivat membrum quodlibet, vivant membra quaelibet,

semper sint in flore, semper sint in flore!

(Others)

Ubi sunt qui ante nos, in mundo fuere? (bis)

Vadite ad superos, transite in inferos,

hos si vis videre, hos si vis videre!

Vita nostra brevis est, brevi finietur. (bis)

Venit mors velociter, rapit nos atrociter,

nemini parcetur, nemini parcetur!

Semper ius canonicum confirmet Ecclesiam. (bis)

Canonistae nobis dant, ceteri quam obscurant,

viam veram et correctam, viam veram et correctam!

Let us rejoice thus, while we are young (twice)
After a pleasant youth, after troublesome old age,
the earth will have us, the earth will have us!

Long live the school! Long live the teachers! (twice)
Long live each student, long live every student,
forever may they flourish, forever may they flourish!

• Non nobis, Psalm 115:1. (Frantastica, Doyle, here.)

Non nobis Domine, Domine, non nobis, Domine,

sed nomini, sed nomini tuo da gloriam.

Not us, O Lord, O Lord, not to us, O Lord,

but to (your) name, to your name give the glory.

• Heri (Ranieri, here.)

O heri, omnes curae distabant mihi

ac labores sunt mansuri

o, ipse credo in hoc heri.

Et statim, non sum tantus vir quem noverim,

umbrae pendentes crescunt sensim

o di, heri coit statim.

Cur me reliquit, nemo scit, non dixit mi

dixi rem pravam, iam cupiam uti sit heri.

O heri, ludebamus amore facili,

ac nunc volo modo celari

o , ipse credo in hoc heri.

Cur me reliquit, nemo scit, non dixit mi

dixi rem pravam, iam cupiam uti sit heri.

O heri, ludebamus amore facili,

ac nunc volo modo celari

o , ipse credo in hoc heri.

Mmmmmmm.

• Nobilis albulus (Ranieri, here.)

Cur non mi dixsti?

Quid?

Ut afferam harmonicam.

Nobilis albule, mane me salutas

floscule, clarule, corcula mea laetas.

Candida nix, crescas, floreas,

floreasque semper.

Nobilis albule, patriam umquam beato!

Topics

covered

St. Thomas, Latin, 11th grade (II)• Back to main course page, here.

St. Thomas

11th grade (II)

Latin

Main course page, here.

St. Thomas

11th grade (II)

Latin

Main course page, here.

St. Thomas

11th grade (II)

Latin

Main course page, here.

St. Thomas

11th grade (II)

Latin

Main course page, here.

St. Thomas

11th grade (II)

Latin

Main course page, here.

St. Thomas

11th grade (II)

Latin

Main course page, here.

St. Thomas

11th grade (II)

Latin

Topics in this course are tracked as follows:

Topics already presented and thus subject to examination.

Topics being presented and soon subject to examination.

Topics not yet presented.

Prayers.

• Signum crucis, here.

• Pater noster, here.

• Ave Maria, here.

• Gloria Patri, here.

• Benedic Domine nos, here.

• Agimus tibi, here.

• Requiem aeternam, here.

• Salve Regina, here.

• Angelus, here.

• Regina coeli, here.

His de rebus numquam satis.

• Declensions, here.

• Conjugations, indicative, here and here.

• Conjugations, subjunctive, here.

• Esse, indicative, here.

• Posse, indicative, here.

• Relative pronoun, here and here.

qui

quae

quod

• Personal pronoun, here=.

ego

is, ea, id

Key grammar explanations.

• Cases are cool. TCL Nouns, here.

• Principal parts of verbs. TCL Verbs here.

• Dative of the possessor. Collins 03.

• I/II Adjectives. Collins 04.

• Interrogative particle '-ne' Collins 06.

• Passive voice. Collins 07.

• Quia, quod, quoniam. Collins 08.

• Infinitive as subject. Collins 09.

• 'Causa' as improper preposition. Collins 09.

• Relative pronoun. Collins 10.

• Perfect passive participle. Collins 12.

• Enclitic '-dam'. Collins 12.

• Ablative absolute. Collins 13.

• You can't get enough of 'satis'. Collins 15.

• III Adjectives. Collins 16.

• Present active participle. Collins 16.

Vocabulary (in continual process).

• Collins Units 1-8. Collins main, here.

• Collins Units 9-16. Collins main, here.

Students' Friends (little words that never change).

Prepositions overview, here.

Collins

• a (ab, abs), ad, coram, cum, de, e (ex), in, pro, sine, super

• trans

• propter

• per, post

• inter, sub

• ante, secundum

• apud, ob

• =

• prae, praeter

• intra

Conjunctions overview, here.

Collins

• et, et ... et, -que

• nam

• enim

• aut, aut ... aut

• sed

• autem

• antequam, atque (ac), igitur, postquam

• =

• ergo, quamquam

• quapropter

Adverbs overview, here.

Collins

• hodie, non

• hic, ibi

• ubi

• merito, numquam, nunc, quoque, semper

• adhuc, quare?

• bene, male, una

• etiam, iterum, jam, quando?, tunc

• certe, diligenter, saepe, statim, vere

• perenniter, postea, subito

• hinc

• nimis, tamen

• =

• ideo

Interjections, TCL overview, here.

Collins

• Ecce!

Alia.

• Pax Christi tecum. Salve/te. Quo modo vales? Bene valeo.

• Roman numerals. 1 ‒ 3,999. TCL Roman numerals, here.

• Unus, una, unum.

• Duo, duae, duo / Tres, tres, tria

• Benedictus, here.

• Magnificat, here.

• Nunc dimittis, here.

Archivum

St. Thomas

11th grade (II)

Latin

Main course page, here.

St. Thomas

11th grade (II)

Latin

Agenda singulatim.

B'us. Odd numbers.

Jacobus. Even numbers.

Collins 09, Exercises 1& 2, nn 1-12. Ritchie 003.

Collins 09, Exercise 2, nn 1-12.

B'us. Odd numbers.

Jacobus. Even numbers.

Ritchie 003.

Ritchie 001. Ritchie 002.

Ritchie 003.

Ritchie 001. Ritchie 002.

Dictationes.

09 feb 2026. Requiem aeternam.

30 jan 2026. Angelus verses.

09 jan 2026. first two lines of Angelus Domini.

20 oct 1. Io. VI: I. 2. Io. VI: III.

29 sep 1. Luke I: xxviii. 2. Luke I: xxiv.

19 sep 1. Adjutorium nostrum in nomine Domini. 2. Qui fecit caelum et terram.

00 sep 1. Pater ... tuum. 2. Ave ... tecum. 3. Gloria ... Sancto.

Parents'

Corner

St. Thomas

11th grade (II)

Latin

Main course page, here.

Notes for Grade 11 parents:

30 MAR 26: Email sent to parents about Gaudeamus igitur.

20 FEB 26: See me. If your child gets a "See me" note on a quiz or assignment, that means there is a learning topic (usually small) that needs to be clarified promptly. Besides the Wednesday "Latin Clinic", I am available, no appointment needed, in the faculty lunch room (or, if it is too noisy, in Room 356) during student lunch breaks on MON, WED, and FRI, and on WED immediately after the principal's dismissal prayer. A meeting will run no more than 10-15 minutes. I record who has a See me and when it is satisfied, but it is the student's responsibility to initiate the meeting with quiz or assignment in hand.

10 FEB 26. Email sent to parents about reorganizing webpage for parent (and student) consultation and progress monitoring.

19 OCT 25. Email sent to parents about arrangements for optional parent-teacher conference.

14 SEP 25. Email to parents about optional 'Latin Clinic' on Wednesdays.

08 SEP 25. We are starting Collins' Primer.

25 AUG 25. We will use Collins Primer. Copies are available for students. The first couple classes are intended to give me a sense of what the students already know, and we'll set off from there, with plenty of writing practice in the Red Notebooks.

Topics

covered

St. Thomas, Latin, 8th grade• Back to main course page, here.

St. Thomas

8th grade

Latin

Main course page, here.

St. Thomas

8th grade

Latin

Main course page, here.

St. Thomas

8th grade

Latin

Main course page, here.

St. Thomas

8th grade

Latin

Main course page, here.

Topics in this course are tracked as follows:

Already presented and thus subject to examination.

Being presented and soon subject to examination.

Not yet presented.

Prayers.

• Signum crucis, here.

• Pater noster, here.

• Ave Maria, here.

• Gloria Patri, here.

• Benedic, here.

• Agimus tibi, here.

• Requiem aeternam, here.

• Salve Regina, here.

• Angelus, here.

• Regina coeli, here.

Essential exercises.

• Declensions, here.

• Conjugations I ‒ IV, indicative 8.5 x 11, here; 11 x 17, here.

• Esse, indicative, 11 x 17, here.

• Personal pronouns I & II & III, here.

• Personal pronoun, here=.

ego

is, ea, id

Key grammar explanations.

• Cases are cool. TCL Nouns, here.

• Principal parts of verbs. TCL Verbs, here.

• I/II Adjectives, here.

• III Adjectives, here.

• Imperative active, here.

• Interrogative particle '-ne'

• Passive voice, here.

• Quia, quod, quoniam ≈ that, since, because.

• Jesus, Jesu.

• Personal pronouns (nominatives), here.

• Personal pronouns (obliques), here.

Students' Friends (little words that never change).

• Prepositions, overview here.

Acc only

post

propter

trans

Acc or Abl

super

sub

Abl only

cum

sine

• Conjunctions, overview here.

et; -que; sed; quod; itaque

• Interjections, overview here.

Ecce!

• Adverbs, overview here.

non, hodie, semper

Alia.

• Pax Christi tecum. Salve/te. Quo modo vales? Bene valeo.

• Roman numerals. 1 ‒ 3,999. TCL Roman numerals, here.

• Unus, una, unum.

• Duo, duae, duo / Tres, tres, tria

• Gaudeamus igitur

Parents'

Corner

St. Thomas

8th grade

Latin

Main course page, here.

St. Thomas

8th grade

Latin

Notes Grade 8 parents: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> 0; margin-bottom: 0"> for

08 FEB 26. Email sent to parents about reorganizing webpage for parent (and student) consultation and progress monitoring.

19 OCT 25. Email sent to parents about arrangements for optional parent-teacher conference and notice of links to prayer pronunciation models.

03 OCT 25. Beginning next week, I will be able to meet with students three (not just two) days per week, MON, WED, and FRI, by switching study hall time with Latin's. This is a far preferable schedule for youth Latin learning! Meanwhile, thank you so much to Domina Votel for taking the TUE time slot and making good use of that time for practice.

14 SEP 25. Email to parents about optional 'Latin Clinic' on Wednesdays.

13 SEP 25. There is a quiz (probatio parva) every Friday; students get results on following Monday.

08 SEP 25. We are now starting Henle. Students need to have Henle FIST YEAR with them for every class. They also need to have accessible, either at home or at school, but not in class, Henle GRAMMAR.

25 AUG 25. We will use Henle, First Year Latin, as previously arranged. The first couple classes are intended to give me a sense of what the students already know, and we'll set off from there, combining Henle and Christian Latin usage. Domina Votel, an experienced Latin teacher, meets with students on Tuesdays and — in the spirit of Repetitio est mater studiorum (Repetition is the mother of learning) — provides them with a directed practice period and homework help on the materials being cover that week. Agimus tibi magnas gratias, Domina Votel!

Henle 3

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs / Adverbs

Preposi', Conjunc', Interjec'

p. 35

via, ae

populus, i

mundus, i

lex, legis

rex, regis

dux, ducis

lux, lucis

homo, hominis

veritas, veritatis

imperator, -is

Caesar, -is

salus, salutis

vox, vocis

virtus, virtutis

miles, militis

pax, pacis

pars, partis

collis, collis (m)

hostis, hostis

gens, gentis

Nouns

caedes, caedis

mons, montis

clamor, -is

princeps, principis

flumen, fluminis

agmen, agminis

nomen, nominis

frater, fratris

pater, patris

mater, matris

iter, itineris

corpus, corporis

vulnus, vulneris

audio, audire

munio, munire

occido, occidere

Notes for H 3

Apposition. "There".

Henle 2

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs / Adverbs

Preposi', Conjunc', Interjec'

p. 17

Gallia, ae

Roma, ae

servus, i / serva, ae

filius, i / filia, ae

amicus, i / amica, ae

deus, i / dea, ae

Christus, i

gladius, i

bellum, i

caelum, i

regnum, i

praemium, i

periculum, i

imperium, i

oppidum, i

Christian- us, a, um

Gall- us, a, um

Roman- us, a, um

do, dare

vinco, vincere

sum, esse

post — ACC

propter — ACC

in — ACC• ABL

cum — ABL

sed

quod

itaque

Notes for H 2

Predicate noun. Noun-adjective agreement. deus, -i (G-44) and dea, -ae (-abus)

Henle 1

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs / Adverbs

Preposi', Conjunc', Interjec'

p. 6

terra, -ae

porta, -ae

Maria, -ae

victoria, -ae

silva, -ae

gloria, -ae

provincia, -ae

nauta, -ae (m)

oro, orare

video, videre

laudo, laudare

///

non

Notes for H 1

Five major cases. Subject-verb agreement.

Resources

staging, disregard materials below.

Examples of the importance of Latin spelling changes (nouns):

Our Lord rules the earth.

Noster Dominus regnat mundum.

We are praying in the house of the Lord.

Oramus in domo Domini.

Give praise to the Lord.

Da laudem Domino.

The Church loves the Lord.

Ecclesia diligit Dominum.

We live in the Lord.

Vivimus in Domino.

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Examples of the importance of Latin spelling changes (verbs):

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Examples of the importance of English word order:

The dog bit the man.

Canis momordit virum.

The man bit the dog.

Canem mormordit vir.

The Church must obey Jesus.

Ecclesia debet obedire Iesum.

Jesus must obey the Church.

Ecclesiam debet obedire Iesus.

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Examples of the relative unimportance of Latin word order:

The Church must obey Jesus.

Ecclesia debet obedire Iesum.

The Church must obey Jesus.

Ecclesia obedire debet Iesum.

The Church must obey Jesus.

Iesum Ecclesia debet obedire.

The Church must obey Jesus.

Debet odedire Ecclesia Iesum.

The Church must obey Jesus.

Odedire Ecclesia Iesum debet.

The Church must obey Jesus.

Debet Iesum obedire Ecclesia.

The Church must obey Jesus.

Debet Ecclesia Iesum obedire.

The Church must obey Jesus.

Debet Iesum Ecclesia obedire.

The Church must obey Jesus.

Iesum debet Ecclesia obedire.

The Church must obey Jesus.

Obedire Jesum debet Ecclesia.

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

1. Most Latin words, especially nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs, consist of two parts, a 'base' (stem / root) at the beginning of the word and an 'ending' (termination) at the end. The base of a Latin word indicates its broad referent while the ending identifies the grammatical role the word is performing. It is crucial to understand that most Latin words, unlike most English words, convey two pieces of information: the basic referent for the word (which English words also do) and the specific grammatical function that word is performing (which English words rarely do).

Examples of the double service that many Latin words perform:

Latin word

Base

Ending

Translation

sonus

son- (sound)

-us (noun, subject of a verb)

The sound ...

sonum

son- (sound)

-um (noun, direct object of a verb)

... the sound.

sonorum

son- (sound)

-orum (noun, genitive plural)

... of the sounds.

sonatur

son- (sound)

-atur (verb, third person singular passive)

It is being sounded ...

sonant

son- (sound)

-ant (verb, third person plural active)

They are sounding ...

sonare

son- (sound)

-are (verb, active infinitive)

... to sound.

sonari

son- (sound)

-ari (verb, passive infinitive)

... to be sounded.

sonabilis

son- (sound)

-abilis (adjective, positive)

... noisy ...

sonatum

son- (sound)

-atum (participle, singular neuter)

... (it) has been sounded ...

x

2. Latin nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, because they perform two functions (shown by their endings often changing) take some getting used to for English speakers. Latin verbs, and to a lesser degree adverbs, change forms a bit less often (though still more often than they do in English) but, if you know anything about, say, Spanish or French, these changes are not so startling. Latin prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections are small but important words that almost never change spelling.

3. Don't be surprised if you come to see Latin words as being 'more powerful' than English words in that most Latin words (by their ability to appear in slightly different forms) perform more grammatical work in a sentence than do equivalent English words. Consider: English translations of Latin prayers almost always need more words to convey the same thoughts originally expressed in the Latin.

• Back to Kinds of words, here.

More on the Latin case system

1. The most common use for nouns in Latin and English is to express the "subjects" and "objects" of verbs, but nouns can also, for example, indicate possession or location or they can work in prepositional phrases. Latin uses cases to indicate these different functions. By the way, because English long ago lost its case system, English had to find other ways to indicate the grammatical role that a noun is performing in a sentence and eventually settled on word order to convey such information.

2. In brief, the NOMINATIVE case names the subject; the GENITIVE shows a possessor; the DATIVE is the indirect (object); the ACCUSATIVE is the direct (object); and the ABLATIVE is just about everything else. Knowing declensions is essential.• Declension Charts, here.

Example of the use of the five major Latin cases:

Diaconus

dedit

sacerdotis

bibliam

episcopo

in ecclesia.

nominative

genitive

accusative

dative

ablative

subject

possession

direct object

indirect object

prepositional obj.

The deacon

gave

the priest's

bible

to the bishop

in the church.

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

3. It has been estimated that approximately one-fifth of Latin nouns belong to the first declension, about one-fourth belong to the second declension, and nearly one half belong to the third declension. The fourth and fifth declensions, though containing some very important nouns, together comprise less than five per cent of Latin nouns.

• Back to Noun Basics, here.

More on verbs

1. Most Latin verbs in the indicative mood come in six tenses. Three of these tenses (imperfect, present, and future) are collectively called "present tenses" because their base is identified from the first principal part of the verb, and three of the tenses are collectively called "perfect tenses" because their base is identified from the third principal part of the verb. Chart of the regular, indicative mood endings, here.

2. Many Latin verbs, like many English verbs, come in two "voices" (active and passive) depending on whether the subject of the verb is doing the verbal action or is receiving the verbal action. Consider: "John hits the ball" vs "The ball is hit by John".

3. Latin and English verbs have four "moods" (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and infinitive*) that indicate the 'attitude' of the speaker using the verb toward that verb. English verb moods exist but they are expressed in ways quite different from Latin.

• Principle parts for selected verbs, here.

• Back to Verb Basics, here.

Quick chart for regular verbs (in the active voice and the indicative mood).

	I -are	II -ere	III -ere		IV -ire
Present	-o	-eo	-o	-io	-io
Imperfect	-abam	-ebam	-ebam	-iebam	-iebam
Future	-abo	-ebo	-am	-iam	-iam
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Perfect	-i	-i	-i	-i	-i
Plu-Perfect	-eram	-eram	-eram	-eram	-eram
Future Perfect	-ero	-ero	-ero	-ero	-ero

• Charts for two of the most important irregular Latin verbs, esse and posse, here.

Selected verbs (regular)

I -are

II -ere

III -ere (o)

III -ere (io)

IV -ire

ambulare

laudare

manducare

intrare

cantare

orare

docere

sedere

monere

ducere

capere

audire

finire

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Irregular verbs: esse and posse, here.

Abbreviations

AMDG

OPN

SPQR

RIP / BVM / JMJ

English to Latin Sentences

English

Latin

English

Latin

-are verbs, ambulare, cantare, intrare, laudare, manducare

You sing.

Y'all sing.

Am I walking?

They are walking.

He walks and praises.

Do you walk?

She does not eat.

They are not eating.

We enter.

I eat.

She walks.

We are not entering.

They are going in.

We are not praising.

Do we praise?

Y'all praise.

He eats.

They do not walk.

I go in.

I eat.

-ere verbs, docere, sedere

I teach.

We are not teaching.

We teach.

Does she teach?

They are not sitting

Do you sit?

He is sitting.

You sit.

Y'all sit.

He does sit.

Are we teaching and sitting?

He sits.

He is not sitting.

They do not teach.

Quicumque

Gregorian chant version, here.

David Noe grammar analysis, here.

Crusader shield image

Telling time in Ancient Rome, Youtube here.

How low can you go? Verbs.

What is a verb?

What is a person? How many persons in verbs?

What is a number? How many numbers in verbs?

What is a conjugation?

How many conjugations of verbs?

Vocatives & Imperatives

These forms are easy to learn and use.

1. The "vocative" case is one of two minor cases for nouns in Latin and is used for directly and expressly addressing someone (or occasionally, something).

2. The vocative case is identical to the nominative plural in all instances and is identical to the nominative singular in all instances except for most Declension II, masculine nouns and adjectives ending in -us. Such nouns generally use -e for the vocative case as in the famous line attributed to Caesar upon being stabbed by the beloved Brutus, Et tu, Brute?

3. A few nouns and adjectives, such as deus, agnus, and meus, retain their -us endings in the vocative. The word filius changes to fili in the vocative.

Review questions, here.

Et tu, Brute?

1. The "imperative" verb mood is used to give commands.

2. In the vast majority of instances the imperative mood appears only in the second person (both singular and plural) and only in the present tense. Imperatives are usually active in voice but the passive is also used.

3. To form the active singular imperative for Conjugations I, II, and IV simply drop the -re from the infinitive form. To form these active plural imperatives simply add -te to the singular imperative (or, if you prefer to think of it this way, simply change the -re of the infinitive to a -te).

4. A few active imperatives are irregular, notably, dic, duc, and fac.

5. To express passive singular imperatives simply use the infinitive form of the verb.

Review questions, here.

Anima Christi, sanctifica me.

Corpus Christi, salva me.

Sanguis Christi, inebria me.

Aqua lateris Christi, lava me.

Passio Christi, conforta me.

O bone Jesu, exaudi me.

Intra tua vulnera absconde me.

Ne permittas me separari a te.

Ab hoste maligno defende me.

In hora mortis meæ voca me.

Et iube me venire ad te,

Ut cum Sanctis tuis laudem te.

In sæcula sæculorum. Amen.

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Question

Answer

More info on

English to Latin, 4.

If some word/s appear/s in bold start your translation with it/them.

English to Latin, 3.

If some word/s appear/s in bold start your translation with it/them.

Dative of the possessor

If some word/s appear/s in bold start your translation with it/them.

Mary has the document.

Mary has the documents.

Mary will have the documents.

The Church belongs to Jesus.

Mary had the document but now Paul has it.

Glory and power belong to the Lord.

We will have the glory in heaven.

Heaven has good angels.

Domina has a mother.

Translate the following sentences into English. If some word/s appear/s in bold start your translation with it/them.

We love Jesus.

We will love Jesus.

The Church was loving Jesus.

Sextus was walking in the street.

Mother and father were in church.

Mother prays in the church and in the street.

Peter is with Paul.

Is the prophet in the church?

Are the prophets in the church?

English to Latin Sentences, 0.

-are verbs, ambulare, cantare, intrare, laudare, manducare

You sing.

Y'all sing.

Am I walking?

They are walking.

He walks and praises.

Do you walk?

She does not eat.

They are not eating.

We enter.

I eat.

She walks.

We are not entering.

They are going in.

We are not praising.

Do we praise?

Y'all praise.

He eats.

They do not walk.

I go in.

I eat.

-ere verbs, docere, sedere

I teach.

We are not teaching.

We teach.

Does she teach?

They are not sitting

Do you sit?

He is sitting.

You sit.

Y'all sit.

He does sit.

Are we teaching and sitting?

He sits.

He is not sitting.

They do not teach.

nouns (identifying things)

pronouns (standing in for nouns)

adjectives (describing nouns)

verbs (identifying actions)

adverbs (describing actions)

More on: Kinds of Words

5. English and Latin words, in their written form, are composed of letters drawn from nearly the same alphabet (Latin lacks 'k' and 'w', and uses 'z' rarely). These letters are arranged in generally accepted orders usually derived from phonics. Latin letters, in contrast to English letters, are pronounced with much greater consistency making the relationship between spoken and written Latin much clearer than it is in English.

1. In both Latin and English there are eight kinds of words (technically, "parts of speech"), namely:

prepositions (coordinating nouns)
conjunctions (coordinating various)
interjections (spicing up sentences)

M'us	M'us tutoring.

M'us

WED

3:15 to 3:45

WED, DEC 10: snow day

DO: Practice declensions at least three times per day, parents should check progress at least once per day.